Ingesting blueberries and oats may modulate the microbiome and help diabetics

Prebiotics are foods that are consumed in order to modulate the microbiome.  They are normally composed of molecules that are not broken down by our body itself, but rather that remain intact until making it to the large intestine where bacteria can break them down.  Common prebiotics come from plant materials, like long chained complex carbohydrates, as well as polyphenols, like blueberry extract.  In a recent study, scientists from Louisiana State University performed randomized dietary intervention on obese subjects and gave them a mixture of these molecules.  They then monitored the changes in the microbiome that occurred, along with changes in health indicators.  Their results were published in The Journal of Diabetes and its Complications.

The researchers included 30 adults in the study, and split them into two groups: one to receive the microbiome modulating dietary supplement, and the other to receive a placebo.  The dietary supplement included blueberry extract, oat bran cellulose, and inulin (a common oligosaccharide of fructose).  The subjects ingested the supplement daily for four weeks, with samples being collected once before and once at the end of the sudy.

Many positive health consequences were associated with eating the prebiotics.  Those patients had improved glucose tolerance, as well as increases in satiety.  The satiety may have been caused by an increase in fasting PYY concentration, a peptide known to cause hunger suppression, which was higher in those people taking the prebiotic.  In addition, there was an increase in self-reported flatulence from taking the prebiotic, but otherwise no adverse events were recorded.  Interestingly, there were no statistically significant changes in the microbiome that resulted from eating the supplement, however higher levels of short chained fatty acids (SCFAs) were observed in the stools of those patients.  Even though no statistically significant change was measured, it is quite possible that the level of sequencing depth and analysis was robust enough to truly observe changes that may have occurred.

This study is another that shows the benefits of eating prebiotics.  Interestingly, the prebiotic used for this study is the same one used by Microbiome Therapeutics in their metformin formulation.  This prebiotic, when combined with metformin, increases its efficacy for diabetics.  This study shows that possibly the prebiotic alone is responsible for this improvement, although it gets us no closer to explaining how this occurs.  Any of our readers that are taking metformin may want to read the wealth of literature around what Microbiome Therapeutics has done, because just the simple addition of foods to the drug seems to improve the results of taking it.

Microbiome based therapy prevents weight gain in obese individuals

New microbiome based drug may cause people to eat less!

Many people have heard that eating fiber is good for your health and helps to prevent weight gain.  One of the reasons for this, as we have blogged about before, is thought to be related to the short chained fatty acids (SCFAs) that are produced by the microbiome from fiber.  In mouse models, mice that receive a fecal transplant containing a microbiome with a high capacity for generating SCFAs show reduced weight gain.  The SCFAs appear to induce the production of certain hormones associated with appetite control.  The problem with human interventions of fiber-based diets is that an unpalatable amount of fiber is normally required, and very little of it is eventually converted into SCFAs.  Scientists from England recently tried to tackle this problem by introducing one type of SCFA, propionate, into the colons of obese humans to investigate its effects on weight gain.  The results of their study were published in the journal Gut.

The researchers chemically modified propionate so that after it was eaten it would only be released in the colon.  They then performed a double blind trial with 60 obese participants that took either the propionate or a placebo every day for 24 weeks.  The scientists discovered that, as hypothesized, ingesting the propionate increased the production of the appetite control hormones in the colon.  In addition, people who took the propionate tended to have a suppressed appetite and ate less overall food than their placebo counterparts.  Overall, the propionate prevented weight gain in the individuals who ingested it compared to the placebo group.

Recent advances in microbiome research have shown hormones produced by the gut are critical to managing hunger and food intake, and that research has allowed these scientists to create a new drug that stimulates the microbiome into producing those hormones.  In addition, the scientists show a new method of drug delivery to the colon which may have applications for other therapies.  At the AMI, we hope that their research continues to be as fruitful as it is promising.